Pharmacology is the study of how medicines work inside human bodies how our bodies respond to them and the changes that happen over time within the body. Non-clinical pharmacological case studies let scientists compare one medicine’s positive effects along with its negative effects. This comparison is very important as it allows for thorough benefit-risk analysis before the medicine is proceeded to be tested on humans through clinical studies. If a medicine proceeds to the clinical phase, the data gathered through toxicology and non-clinical pharmacology help to determine the right dosage as medicines are distributed to the volunteers in the first clinical study.
Pharmacology is classified into two areas – pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
If you are planning to pursue an MSc pharmacology, read this article to learn what are the main elements of pharmacology.
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- Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics or PK refers to the study of a medicine’s effect on the body. The acronym associated with pharmacokinetics in textbooks is ADME, where A stands for absorption (studies how the medicine gets inside the body), D for distribution (where the medicine works in the body), M for metabolism (how the body modifies the medicine chemically), and E for excretion (how the medicine is eliminated from the body).
Data collected through pharmacokinetics studies offer detailed information about what happens to medicine once it’s inside the human body, over a period of time. Scientific and mathematical data based on such information helps to understand the journey of medicine and its metabolites through the body. This offers scientists a chance to assess the relationship between a medicine’s good and toxic effects, and also predict the safety of it for humans. Data gathered through pharmacokinetic studies are highly crucial for the determination of dosage in medical trials.
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- Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics, PD, is the study of a medicine’s effect on the human body. There are two ways through which medicine can affect the human body –
- By altering the conditions inside the body
- By interacting with specific body parts at a sub-cellular or cellular level.
One of the primary objectives of pharmacodynamics is gathering information on how a medicine affects the human body, like which receptors it activates. This information helps scientists to understand and assess the efficiency of a drug, whether it’s having the desired effect or not. If it shows signs of efficiency, it studies how strong that effect is. It also helps to achieve a better understanding of the relationship of the medicine’s effects on the body and its strength. Pharmacodynamic studies are important for the safety assessment of drugs. They identify the undesirable effects a medicine might have and investigate a range of doses and their desired effects on the body.
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